Multiparametric ultrasound examination of the kidneys and urinary tract

Course curriculum

• Equipment and scanning views▾
  • — Scanning access windows: anterior abdominal, posterior dorsal and lateral lumbar
  • — Multifrequency convex transducers
  • — Longitudinal, coronal, transverse and oblique scanning planes
  • — Scanning access windows: anterior abdominal, posterior dorsal and lateral lumbar
• Ultrasound anatomy and structural variants▾
  • — Longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the kidney
  • — Age-related and constitutional features
  • — Main echographic landmarks
  • — Renal failures and other pathologies
  • — Color Doppler mapping (CDM)
  • — Anomalies of the pelviureteric junction
  • — Areas of increased echogenicity on renal ultrasound examination
  • — Intrarenal urinary collecting system
• Anatomical variants of the norm▾
  • — Lobulation and fetal lobulations
  • — Differentiation from scars and tumor lesions
  • — Pressure from the spleen on the upper pole of the left kidney
  • — Hypertrophy of the columns of Bertin
  • — Diagnostic signs of benign variants
  • — Segmental compensatory hypertrophy
• Blood supply of the kidneys▾
  • — Type of terminal renal circulation
  • — Right and left renal arteries
  • — Segmental division of the renal artery
  • — Arterial anatomical variants on CT and MR angiography
  • — Type of spectrogram in the main renal artery
  • — Anatomical variants of the venous system
  • — Spectral Doppler of venous blood flow
• Renal artery examination technique▾
  • — Vascular anatomy terminology and patient preparation for the examination
  • — Optimal acoustic approaches
  • — Localization of stenoses
  • — Subcostal and coronal scanning
  • — Device settings: PRF, velocity scale, color map, insonation angles
  • — Aliasing on color and spectral Doppler
  • — Power Doppler and the "cortical flush" phenomenon
  • — Calculation of RI (resistive index) and PI (pulsatility index) in interlobar arteries and calculation of the RAR coefficient (renal-aortic ratio)
  • — Assessment of hemodynamically significant stenosis
• General assessment of kidney status▾
  • — The role of ultrasound examination in the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic kidney injury
  • — Capabilities of ultrasound and key assessment parameters
  • — B-mode
  • — Ultrasound signs and parameters of chronic kidney disease
  • — Resistance index
• Acute nephropathies▾
  • — Acute kidney injury as a clinical syndrome
  • — Limitations of laboratory markers: urine sodium, FENa, the influence of diuretics and hemodialysis
  • — Ultrasound assessment of hydration status
  • — Signs of hypovolemia and hyperhydration by the degree of IVC collapse
  • — Assessment of pleural and peritoneal effusion
  • — Comprehensive data integration for selecting adequate infusion therapy
  • — Parenchymal acute kidney injury
  • — The role of echo-guided kidney biopsy
  • — Acute conditions of the renal artery
  • — Diagnosis of true obstruction by resistive index
• Chronic and ischemic nephropathies▾
  • — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a clinical syndrome
  • — Ultrasound diagnosis in B-mode and Doppler as the primary method of initial assessment
  • — Doppler ultrasound in CKD
  • — The concept of ischemic nephropathy, signs of ischemic kidney injury
  • — Patient Preparation. Examination Technique
  • — Ultrasound anatomy of the renal arteries and principles of ultrasound device settings
  • — Spectrogram of the renal artery
• Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis▾
  • — Doppler criteria for renal artery stenosis (RAS)
  • — Revascularization as a treatment method, restenosis after angioplasty
  • — Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)
  • — Renal artery aneurysm as a rare but significant finding
• Cystic diseases of the kidneys▾
  • — Cystic changes of the kidneys
  • — Clinical context and the significance of history-taking for differential diagnosis
  • — Technical aspects of ultrasound examination of cysts
  • — Use of linear probes and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)
  • — Multiple cysts and hereditary forms of cystic kidney diseases
  • — Clinical criteria for ADPKD
• Urolithiasis▾
  • — Urolithiasis
  • — Ultrasound imaging as a key to choosing treatment strategy
  • — Ultrasound examination as the first imaging method in renal colic
  • — Use of color Doppler and secondary signs to improve diagnostic accuracy
  • — Assessment of blood flow and intrarenal pressure in obstruction
  • — POCUS (point-of-care ultrasound) in the diagnosis of renal colic
• Benign and malignant kidney masses▾
  • — Main benign renal lesions in ultrasound diagnostics
  • — Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)
  • — Malignant solid tumors of the kidney and renal pelvis
  • — The role of ultrasound in the primary detection of tumors
  • — Ultrasound characterization of RCC in standard modes
  • — Differentiation of anatomical variants and pseudotumors
  • — Inflammatory processes (pyelonephritis, abscess) mimicking tumors
• Kidney injury▾
  • — Kidney injuries in abdominal trauma
  • — Comparison of the main modalities — CT, ultrasound, MRI
  • — Ultrasound examination in emergency traumatology
  • — Renal Parenchyma Injuries
  • — Contrast-enhanced ultrasound CEUS in trauma diagnosis
• Assessment of the transplanted kidney▾
  • — Features of ultrasound examination of the transplanted kidney
  • — Assessment of graft hemodynamics
• Complications after transplantation▾
  • — Acute tubular necrosis
  • — Vascular and urological complications
  • — Perinephric fluid collections
  • — Neoplasms after transplantation
  • — CEUS in the transplanted kidney
• Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract▾
  • — Main forms of congenital anomalies accompanied by dilatation according to ultrasound data
  • — Causes of prenatal and extrarenal dilatation
  • — Main types of nephrourological anomalies
  • — Stenosis and reflux of the ureterovesical segment
  • — Cystosonography
  • — Ureterocele and anomalies of the bladder and urethra
  • — Signs of subvesical obstruction