Musculoskeletal ultrasound in pediatrics with assessment of the spinal cord and spine

Course curriculum

• Block 1. Introduction to musculoskeletal ultrasound
• Necessary equipment
• Features of the structure of children's bone and cartilage
• Relationship between the anatomical structure of formations and the ultrasound picture
• Normal ultrasound picture of the musculoskeletal system tissues
• Universal ultrasound signs in pathology of the skeleton, connective tissue structures, nerves and muscles: bone erosion, fracture, synovitis, enthesitis, tendinitis and tendinosis, ligament and tendon tear, muscle hematomas, myopathy, neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis
• Block 2. Review of the necessary aspects of the anatomy of large joints
• Normal ultrasound anatomy of the shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, hip joint, knee and ankle joint in pediatric practice
• Standard scanning algorithm, ultrasound access points
• Age-related features of ultrasound anatomy
• Analysis of diagnostic methods for joint pathologies encountered in childhood
• Assessment of the hip joint for dysplasia in infants during the first months of life
• Diagnosis of pathologies specific to childhood, such as JIA (juvenile idiopathic arthritis), septic arthritis, hemophilic arthritis, nursemaid's elbow, Little League syndrome, Perthes disease, enthesopathy of the ischial tuberosities, traumatic injury of the hip joint, trochanteric bursitis, greater trochanteric pain syndrome, snapping hip, metaphyseal fractures, apophysitis, Osgood-Schlatter and Larsen-Johansson disease, juvenile spondyloarthropathies, and others
• Block 3. The role of ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis screening algorithms by the OMERACT system
• Block 4. Using ultrasound to diagnose pathology of the spinal cord and spine
• Patient positioning and scanning technique
• The concept of the acoustic window in spine examination
• Analysis of vertebral anatomy and the structure of the spinal canal
• Pathogenesis of spinal cord and spinal canal anomalies – primary and secondary neurulation
• Lumbosacral stigmata
• Features of the ultrasound anatomy of the spinal cord at different levels
• Vertebrae counting technique and determination of the conus level
• Analysis of transient phenomena and pathology such as filum terminale cyst, thickening of the filum terminale, transient dilatation of the central canal, pseudosinus and true dermal sinus, coccygeal dysmorphism, cauda equina pseudotumor, tethered spinal cord, lipoma of the spinal meninges and filum terminale, diastematomyelia, low-lying conus medullaris, hydromyelia and syringomyelia, meningitis, sacrococcygeal teratoma, sacralization of the lumbar vertebra, caudal regression syndrome, Currarino syndrome, vascular malformations and hemangiomas, torticollis, atlantoaxial subluxation and the likelihood of developing clinical symptoms, changes in the intervertebral discs, injury of the cervical vertebrae and their displacement