Mineral and bone disorders in children, a pediatric nephrologist's perspective

Course curriculum

• Physiology of mineral-bone metabolism in children
• Physiology of calcium-phosphorus metabolism
• Calcium content in foods
• Calcium storage and excretion
• Stages of phosphorus metabolism and intake
• Forms of vitamin D3
• Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
• Vitamin D metabolism
• Functions of parathyroid hormone
• Calcitonin
• Pathology of calcium metabolism
• Calcium metabolism disorder
• Acute and chronic hypocalcemia
• Phosphorus metabolism disorder
• Hypophosphatemia. Clinical presentation, cause
• Vitamin D deficiency and excess
• Hyperparathyroidism. Pseudohyperparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism
• Calcitonin disorder
• Pathology of phosphorus metabolism
• Laboratory research methods
• Total blood calcium
• Hypercalcemia
• Phosphorus (inorganic)
• Hyper/hypophosphatemia, Alkaline phosphatase, its functions. Causes of elevation and reduction
• Intact parathyroid hormone. Causes of elevation and reduction
• Calcitonin
• Vitamin D and its fractions. Vitamins D2 and D3 in blood serum
• Hypercalciuria. Sulkowitch test. Hyper/hypophosphaturia
• Calcium-phosphorus product. Genetic testing
• Instrumental and other methods of studying calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Ultrasound. CT and MRI – densitometry. Parathyroid gland scintigraphy
• Bone scintigraphy. Types of osteoscintigraphy
• Pathology of vitamin D metabolism. Rickets
• Rickets. Etiology, classification
• Calcipenic rickets. Phosphopenic rickets
• Rickets without pronounced changes in blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations
• Degrees and periods of rickets development
• Acute, subacute and recurrent course of rickets
• Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rickets
• Antenatal and postnatal prophylaxis
• Non-pharmacological treatment. Pharmacological treatment
• Pathology of vitamin D metabolism. Rickets-like diseases
• Phosphate diabetes. Etiology. Pathogenesis. Classification
• Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets
• Clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment of phosphate diabetes. Prognosis and prevention
• Osteogenesis imperfecta. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification
• Dentinogenesis imperfecta. Intrauterine and late forms. Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
• Achondroplasia (Chondrodysplasia). Etiology, pathogenesis, classification. Diagnosis, treatment, prevention. Infigratinib. Vosoritide
• Blount's disease
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Hereditary hyperphosphatasia
• Hereditary hypophosphatasia. Perinatal, childhood, adult form of HP
• Laboratory diagnostics
• Asfotase alfa. Symptomatic treatment
• Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Dent disease ICD N39.8. HDR syndrome (Barakat syndrome) Q87.8
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism
• Primary hypoparathyroidism
• Secondary hypoparathyroidism
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Early variants of diseases with impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism. Paget's disease
• Hereditary hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
• Severe neonatal hyperparathyroidism. Wilms syndrome
• Elfin face
• Adynamic bone disease
• Diabetes mellitus and P-Ca metabolism. GCS therapy
• Granulomatous diseases
• Other pathophysiological processes in mineral and bone metabolism
• Drug therapy of calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders
• Calcium preparations. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Dosing
• Calcium chloride
• Calcium glycerophosphate
• Calcium carbonate, acetate, citrate
• Calcium preparations in combination with vitamin D. Indications, side effects
• Rocaltrol (calcitriol). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Dosing. Indications, side effects
• Paricalcitol (active metabolite of vitamin D — a selective activator of receptors in the parathyroid glands)
• Maxacalcitol (22-oxacalcitriol). Miacalcic. Etelcalcetide
• Cinacalcet (Mimpara). Bisphosphonates
• Phosphate binders. Classification
• Romosozumab (Evenity)
• Burosumab (Crysvita)
• Drug-induced hypercalcemia. Drug-induced hyperphosphatemia. Drug-induced hypophosphatemia
• Clinical cases
• Analysis of clinical cases