Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in pediatrics

Course curriculum

• Ultrasound examination of the liver
• Features of ultrasound examination in children. Establishing rapport with the child. Using breathing and crying to our advantage. Choosing transducers for the examination
• Brief anatomy of the liver
• Liver segments on ultrasound scanning
• Liver scanning protocol in 9 steps
• Routine measurements of structures and norms by age and anthropometric data
• Doppler technique for examining the portal vein, hepatic veins and hepatic artery
• Age-related features and variant anatomy. Persistent ductus venosus. Umbilical vein. Congenital anomalies of the liver. Abdominal situs inversus. Butterfly liver. Lobar agenesis and hypoplasia. Ectopia of the gallbladder. Accessory hepatic veins
• Inflammatory diseases of the liver: hepatitis, abscesses and aerobilia, echinococcal (hydatid) disease, granulomatosis
• Other liver disorders: fatty liver disease (steatosis), focal steatosis, adenomatous hyperplasia, congestive liver, fibrosis and cirrhosis with their causes, portal hypertension, hepatic carcinoma, cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Portal vein thrombosis. Hepatosplenomegaly
• Vascular malformations of the liver. Arteriovenous shunts, portosystemic shunts, aneurysms, Abernethy anomaly
• Liver injury: classification and methods of further examination. Liver ruptures. Hemobilia. Liver infarction
• Liver mass lesions, the role of ultrasound examination in diagnosis. Liver cysts, calcifications, intrahepatic gas, venous malformation (“adult” hemangiomas), infantile hepatic hemangiomas, mesenchymal hamartomas, focal nodular hyperplasias, hepatic adenoma, angiomyolipoma and lipoma, hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar carcinoma and the challenges of its diagnosis, hepatic sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, lymphoproliferative diseases of the liver
• Application of contrast-enhanced examination methods in pediatrics – CEUS
• Generating the examination report and description examples in pathology
• Ultrasound examination of the biliary system
• Normal ultrasound picture of the biliary system. Shape and function of the gallbladder. Volume measurement and calculation. Age-related norms
• Assessment of the gallbladder through functional tests with reference to regulatory documents and clinical guidelines
• Congenital anomalies. Hypoplasia, aplasia of the gallbladder, biliary atresia, neonatal hepatitis syndrome, biliary cirrhosis, cystic atresia of the bile ducts, phantom gallbladder, Alagille syndrome and Byler disease, Caroli syndrome, choledochal cysts according to Todani
• Aerobilia, sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, polyps and gallstone disease
• Parasitic diseases of the biliary system
• Tumors of the biliary tract. Risk management of polyp surveillance. Cholangiocellular tumors, granular cell tumor
• The role of ultrasound after Kasai and Roux procedures
• Generating the examination report and description examples in pathology. Further examination options
• Ultrasound examination of the spleen
• Normal anatomy of the spleen and its role. Causes of splenomegaly
• Ultrasound scanning technique of the spleen. Age-related size norms, calculation of the individual norm by age, screening method of size assessment
• Variants of splenic anatomy: accessory spleen, splenules and their torsion, asplenia, polysplenia syndrome, wandering spleen
• Spleen injury
• Splenic infarction
• Splenic masses. Congenital, post-traumatic, post-inflammatory and systemic cysts. Abscess. Candida infection. Splenic tumors
• Generating the examination report and description examples in pathology. Further examination options
• Ultrasound diagnostics of the pancreas
• Preparation for the Examination and the Acoustic Lens Method
• Scanning technique, standard measurements and age-related norms
• Variant anatomy: annular pancreas, pancreatic duplication
• Acute (reactive) pancreatitis, hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis
• Pseudocysts, abscesses, calcifications
• Pancreatic injuries, assessment by Lucas
• Pancreatic masses – principles of tumor description
• Generating the examination report and description examples in pathology. Further examination options
• Ultrasound diagnostics of the stomach and intestines
• Indications for the examination and the required equipment
• Ultrasound scanning technique of the stomach, esophagus and intestine. Concept of normal and pathological findings
• Gastroesophageal reflux, assessment criteria in pediatrics
• Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
• Pylorospasm
• Pyloric atresia
• Focal foveolar hyperplasia. Menetrier disease. Granulomatous diseases
• Gastritis and ulcer. Eosinophilic gastritis. Perforation of hollow organs
• Bezoars
• Gastric duplication cyst. Intestinal duplications
• Teratomas
• High and distal intestinal atresia. Anal atresia
• Intestinal malrotation and volvulus. Meconium ileus. Intussusception
• Hirschsprung's disease. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis
• Inflammatory bowel diseases: necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroenteritis, acute and chronic appendicitis
• Meckel's diverticulum
• Intestinal tumors
• Bowel injury
• Mesenteric problems: abscess, cysts, torsion of the epiploic appendages
• Assessment of mesenteric lymph nodes
• Free gas and fluid in the abdominal cavity. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt