Ultrasound examination of the urogenital tract in pediatrics

Course curriculum

• Indications for urogenital tract examination. Preparation for the examination. Equipment requirements. Generating the examination report and reviewing the description of pathologies
• Technique for ultrasound scanning of the urogenital tract. Normal ultrasound appearance of the kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder, pelvic organs, and gonads. Measurement technique for the examined organs and normative values by age and anthropometric data
• Variant anatomy of the kidneys: parenchymal columns of Bertin, splenic hump, duplex kidney, obstruction of the upper collecting system, renal ectopia, horseshoe kidney
• Pathology of the kidneys
• Cysts. Dysplasia and hypoplasia. Polycystic kidney disease. Simple multiple and complicated cysts. Hereditary ciliopathies. ARPKD, ADPKD, multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)
• Inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Pyelitis, fungal infection, pyelonephritis and interstitial nephritis, abscess formation and necrosis. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Renal scarring
• Dilation of the urinary tract and pyelectasis. Standardized international classifications of Hoffman and SFU (ESPR and ESUR recommendation). Risk management of pyelectasis
• Vascular diseases. Renal artery stenosis in pediatrics. Arteriovenous fistula. Aneurysm. Infarction. Renal vein thrombosis
• Nephrocalcinosis
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and renal failure
• Kidney injury. Contusion, hematomas, rupture, traumatic hematuria, renal hilum damage, post-traumatic changes
• Kidney tumors. Angiomyolipoma. Cystic nephroma. Renal cell carcinoma
• Ultrasound after pyeloplasty, extracorporeal lithotripsy, kidney transplantation
• Variants of adrenal gland structure: hypoplasia, hypertrophy, variants of shape and position
• Pathology of the adrenal glands
• Adrenal hemorrhage
• Inflammatory diseases, tuberculous abscesses
• Adrenal gland masses: cysts, cystic tumors, adenoma, neuroblastoma, hemorrhage and necrosis, pheochromocytoma, carcinoma
• The concept of normal bladder volume in pediatrics
• Pathology of the bladder
• Neurogenic bladder
• Bladder polyps
• Calcification of the urinary bladder
• Ureterocele
• Persistent urachus, urachal cyst, inflammation of the urachal cyst
• Subvesical Obstruction and Urethral Problems. Posterior Urethral Valve
• Cystitis
• Bladder injury
• Pathology of the ureter
• Megaureter
• Ureterovesical junction obstruction
• Vesicoureteral reflux, before and after treatment
• Ureteral obstruction and urolithiasis
• Male reproductive system (scrotal organs)
• Non-inflammatory diseases: hydrocele, cryptorchidism and ectopia, varicocele and aortomesenteric nutcracker, cystic dysplasia of the rete testis and seminal vesicles, spermatocele, microlithiasis
• Inflammatory diseases: orchitis, epididymitis, periorchitis
• Scrotal injury
• Testicular and appendage torsion. Scrotolith (scrotal pearl). Inguinal hernia
• Testicular tumors
• The role of ultrasound and additional imaging
• The female reproductive system – understanding the periods of hormonal activity in childhood and how it affects the normal ultrasound picture. A brief description of the menstrual cycle for 'non-gynecologists'. Indications and preparation for ultrasound examination of the female pelvis
• Features of the ultrasound appearance of the uterus and adnexa in newborn girls, in girls in the «quiescent» hormonal phase, prepuberty and puberty
• How the criteria for ovarian cysts, multicystic and polycystic ovaries in children differ from those in adults
• Pathology of the female reproductive system in pediatrics
• Vaginal septum and duplication
• Vaginal atresia, imperforate hymen. Transperineal and transabdominal scanning
• Vaginal fistula
• Ectopic ureteral insertion
• Rectovaginal fistula
• Malformations of the uterus
• Pelvic inflammatory diseases
• Tumors and space-occupying lesions
• Ovarian torsion