Features of pediatric gastroenterology

Course curriculum

• Anatomical and physiological features of the gastrointestinal organs in children
• Key points of embryogenesis (Primitive gut, pancreas, Liver and gallbladder, Liver and gallbladder)
• Anatomical and physiological features of the GI tract organs in children (Esophagus, Normal position of the lower esophageal sphincter, colon, rectum, Abdominal auscultation in newborns, Diastasis recti, Umbilical hernia)
• Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children
• Rome criteria (Infant regurgitation, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Rumination)
• Infant dyschezia (Functional constipation, treatment, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis)
• Aerophagia
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children
• GERD, basic concepts (Pathophysiology of GERD, Lower esophageal sphincter, Physiological reflux)
• Clinical presentation of GERD (Variants of extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, Endoscopic classification of esophagitis)
• Diagnosis, treatment (GERD diagnosis, pH-metry, pH-impedance differences between GERD and LPR, algorithm for suspected LPR)
• Eosinophilic esophagitis in children
• Definition, pathogenesis (Risk factors, Pathogenesis)
• Clinical manifestations (Clinical picture depending on age, EREFS – endoscopic scale of EoE, course of EoE)
• Diagnosis (Allergy diagnostics of EoE, FGDS, Morphology of EoE, Differential diagnosis)
• Treatment (Treatment of EoE, Elimination diet, Drug therapy, Dilation, Achieving remission)
• Hepatobiliary tract diseases in children
• Gallbladder dysfunction. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (Hepatobiliary tract diseases in children, Functional biliary tract disorders, Classification of functional disorders)
• Cholelithiasis in children (Etiology, pathogenesis, Classification, Clinical presentation, Informative imaging, Surgical treatment)
• Issues of prevention in pediatric hepatology – possibilities of preventing the formation of liver fibrosis in children (Liver fibrosis, Directions of therapy)
• Gastrointestinal form of food allergy
• Classification of food reactions (Classification of food reactions by pathogenetic mechanisms, Types of gastrointestinal tract involvement in food allergy, Allergic proctocolitis, Diagnosis of FPIAP, Differential diagnosis, Treatment of FPIAP)
• Celiac disease in children
• Gluten, basic concepts (Classification of cereal crops, Terminology, Definition, Pathogenesis, Triggers)
• Classification of celiac disease (Periods of celiac disease, when to suspect celiac disease)
• Diagnosis, treatment of celiac disease (Endoscopic examination, Differential diagnosis, Children on a gluten-free diet, «Hidden» gluten)
• Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors: mechanism of action, effect on lipids and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Adverse effects and drug interactions
• Methods of diagnosing GI tract diseases in children
• Methods of diagnosing GI tract diseases (Classification of diagnostic methods, Blood tests, Biochemical blood test, Test for non-genetic lactose intolerance in children, Stool tests, Imaging methods)
• Testing for H.pylori (H.pylori in children, Diagnosis of H.pylori in children, Indications for H.pylori testing in children, Indications for H.pylori treatment in children)
• Modern concepts of the formation of gut microbiota in children and methods for correcting disturbances
• Modern concepts of the formation of gut microbiota in children ("Classical" functions of gut microbiota, Gut microbiota participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, Key functions of the main phyla of the large intestine microbiota, The first inhabitants of a child's intestine)
• Methods of correcting intestinal microbiota disturbances in children (Probiotics, Requirements for probiotic preparations, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacteria, Saccharomycetes, Metabiotics, Synbiotics)
• The state of the digestive organs in children and adolescents with various infectious diseases
• Acute intestinal infections
• Helminthic and parasitic infestations (Helminthiases, Diagnosis of helminthiases, Giardiasis, Amebic dysentery, Enterobiasis, Ascariasis)
• Covid19