Echocardiography in the practice of a pediatric cardiologist

Course curriculum

• Main parameters of echocardiography and hemodynamics of a healthy heart
• Echocardiography — analysis of parameters using a clinical case example. (Clinical case analysis)
• Anatomy and fundamentals of hemodynamics. (Z-score, Aorta, Changes in blood flow velocity, Regurgitation/insufficiency, Left ventricle, Mitral valve, Left atrium, Pulmonary artery, Right ventricle, Tricuspid valve, Right atrium)
• Review of possible errors in interpreting examinations. (Errors illustrated by a clinical case)
• Hemodynamic changes in septal defects. Features of management and follow-up
• Ventricular septal defects, types. (Hemodynamics in ventricular septal defects. Assessment of pathology severity based on examination data and management tactics. Defect size. Which part of the IVS it is located in. Course of the muscular defect. Defect shape. Pressure gradient. Enlargement of the heart chambers. Features of monitoring during the neonatal period)
• Atrial septal defects, types. (Concept — relative pulmonary artery stenosis, correct interpretation of examination data and management tactics. Which part of the IAS it is located in. Defect shape. Defect size. Pressure gradient. Enlargement of the heart chambers. Qp/Qs)
• Hemodynamics in pathology of the valves and vessels of the right heart. Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary artery (Pulmonary valve stenosis. Stenosis of the pulmonary trunk. Subvalvular pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary valve insufficiency)
• Tricuspid valve (Pathological changes of the tricuspid valve. Pathological changes of the tricuspid valve. Pulmonary hypertension)
• Hemodynamics in pathology of the valves and vessels of the left heart
• Aorta (Valvular aortic stenosis. Causes. Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Coarctation. Preductal coarctation. What should be kept in mind? Juxtaductal coarctation. Postductal coarctation. Subvalvular aortic stenosis. Associated cardiac developmental defects. Aortic valve insufficiency.)
• Mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation (Mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation)
• Developmental anomalies of the coronary arteries and vascular rings (Developmental anomalies of the coronary arteries. Vascular rings)
• Norm or pathology? From newborn to adolescent
• Features of physiology and structural developmental anomalies (Patent foramen ovale. Heterogeneity, hypermobility of the interatrial septum. Interatrial septal aneurysm. Double interatrial septum. Patent ductus arteriosus. Pulmonary artery branch stenosis. Aortopulmonary collaterals. Persistent left superior vena cava. Coronary fistulas (coronary-pulmonary fistulas). Eustachian valve (ridge). Chiari network. Coumadin ridge. Arantius nodules. Lambl's excrescences. Bicuspid aortic valve. Accessory left ventricular chordae. Adolescent period.)
• Changes in cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, and other cardiological conditions
• Dysplastic changes of the heart (Definitions and terminology. Structural cardiac anomalies)
• Monitoring children with cardiomyopathies, what the echocardiography picture looks like (Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography signs)
• Features of assessing echocardiographic parameters in patients with arrhythmia, arterial hypertension and obesity (Marked persistent bradyarrhythmia. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Bradyarrhythmias. Arterial hypertension. Obesity)
• Follow-up strategy for athletes. (Athletic heart. Physiological cardiac changes in athletes. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 1144n of 23 October 2020)
• The need for echocardiography in a healthy child
• The need for screening (Congenital heart defects. Regulatory legal acts: Order 514n, Order 275n, Order 72n.)
• Missed pathology (Heart defects detected at a later age. Timing of echocardiography. Indications for echocardiography)
• Clinical cases (Analysis of cases from clinical practice)