Pediatric UltrasoundNeurosonography, hip joints, children's organs — standards and screening.
Ultrasound assessment of hepatic steatosis in children relies on grading based on parenchymal echogenicity: mild, moderate, and severe degrees are differentiated by ultrasound beam attenuation, clarity …
Read →According to the ISSVA classification, vascular anomalies are divided into vascular tumors (infantile and congenital hemangioma) and vascular malformations. On ultrasound, hemangioma is a solid, usually …
Read →The key Doppler sign of portal hypertension is retrograde (hepatofugal) blood flow in the portal vein, displayed in blue on color mapping and below the baseline …
Read →Nephrocalcinosis is calcification of renal parenchyma, more often in the pyramids (medullary) and rarely in the cortex (cortical). In premature infants it occurs in 6–41% of …
Read →Differentiation of reactive and suspicious cervical lymph nodes in children is based on morphology rather than size alone. Benign features include: preserved hyperechoic fatty hilum, elongated …
Read →Thyroglossal cyst is the most common congenital cystic anomaly, located midline anterior to the trachea or within 2 cm of the midline in 70% of cases; …
Read →In the childhood (prepubertal) period, ovarian volume is less than 1 cm³, and follicles are less than 2 mm in diameter. In girls older than 8 …
Read →Ovarian torsion in girls is an urgent condition requiring ultrasound verification. The key pitfall: preserved blood flow on color Doppler does not exclude torsion, since dual …
Read →In the prepubertal stage (Tanner I), the uterus has a «infantile» shape: body length 2.5–3.5 cm, body:cervix ratio ≈ 1:1, endometrial echo not visualized or ≤1 …
Read →Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is applied in blunt abdominal trauma in children to assess parenchymal injuries of the liver and spleen, as well as to diagnose and …
Read →The available source fragments do not contain direct diagnostic criteria for differentiating Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) on lung ultrasound …
Read →Ultrasound imaging of the lungs in children detects pneumonic consolidation by signs including consolidation itself, air bronchogram, fluid bronchogram, and B-lines as a focal pattern. The …
Read →M-mode (motion mode) displays time on the horizontal axis and depth on the vertical axis, registering a graphical representation of structural movement in real time (Textbook …
Read →The key differentiating feature on ultrasound is vascularity: on Doppler examination, neuroblastoma demonstrates increased internal blood flow, whereas adrenal hemorrhage is avascular. Neuroblastoma is a heterogeneous …
Read →Pediatric-specific thresholds for ACR TI-RADS are absent in the provided source fragments; specialized recommendations for nodule management and differentiated thyroid cancer in children are referenced (Francis …
Read →Based on available source fragments, only one age-specific reference is provided for children: at 1 year of age, the mean length of the thyroid lobe is …
Read →Ultrasound diagnosis of NEC is based on detection of intramural gas (intestinal wall pneumatosis), gas in the portal venous system, and assessment of wall perfusion using …
Read →Intestinal ultrasound (GIUS) is a validated method for assessing the extent and activity of Crohn's disease; key parameters are bowel wall thickness and its microvascularity. However, …
Read →Meckel's diverticulum is a heterotopic displacement of tissue from its normal anatomical location; its inflammation can mimic appendicitis and is clinically indistinguishable from acute appendicitis. The …
Read →Ultrasound detects effusion in the hip joint space in both conditions, but does not verify the cellular composition of the fluid. To differentiate transient synovitis from …
Read →The source materials do not contain specific data on ultrasound of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) in congenital muscular torticollis (types, echographic criteria, thickness threshold values). We …
Read →Spinal ultrasound in neonates with suspected occult spinal dysraphism is primarily directed at determining the level of the conus medullaris and measuring the thickness of the …
Read →Kidney length in children varies depending on age, with the left kidney typically being somewhat longer than the right. A size difference between the right and …
Read →The available source fragments do not contain data on Doppler criteria (RI, resistive indices, diuretic challenge tests) for differentiating obstructive and non-obstructive pelvicalyceal dilatation in children, …
Read →Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are a key cause of obstructive uropathy in boys. The characteristic ultrasound triad includes a dilated urinary bladder with widening of the …
Read →Biliary atresia in a newborn presents with persistent jaundice, acholic (pale) stools, dark urine, and hepatomegaly. On ultrasound, the liver is enlarged and homogeneous; the gallbladder …
Read →The Todani classification divides cystic transformation of bile ducts into five main types: Type I — fusiform dilatation of the common bile duct, Type II — …
Read →On ultrasound in infants, evaluation of midgut malrotation is performed by documenting the spatial relationship between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and vein (SMV). Normal anatomy …
Read →In acute appendicitis in children, key ultrasound criteria include appendiceal incompressibility and maximum outer diameter (MOD) ≥7 mm on compression, measured from outer to outer wall. …
Read →When the appendix is not visualized in a child, probable causes include: obscuration by bowel loops, retrocecal or deep pelvic position, excessive or insufficient urinary bladder …
Read →Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) introduces microbubble contrast through a urethral catheter for sonographic assessment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The method is one of two approaches for …
Read →Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) is a diagnostic method for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children: microbubble ultrasound contrast is administered intravesically through a urethral catheter and reflux …
Read →The ESPR Urogenital Task Force in its 2024 update strongly recommends contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) as the non-radiative method of choice for assessing vesicoureteral reflux in …
Read →The Graf method is a static ultrasound assessment of the infant hip joint in a single standard coronal plane: the image is suitable for measurements only …
Read →In the ESPGHAN/ECCO 2025 consensus, intestinal ultrasound is considered a key non-invasive tool for monitoring the activity of ulcerative colitis in children within a treat-to-target strategy. …
Read →In 2024, ESPGHAN endorsed a new nomenclature: NAFLD in children should be reframed within the SLD framework, and in cases of liver steatosis with at least …
Read →AIUM 2024 has updated the practical parameter for neonatal and infant neurosonography, replacing the 2020 edition. For preterm infants, screening is primarily indicated at a gestational …
Read →The AIUM 2024 parameter for DDH combines static assessment by Graf and dynamic Harcke test: the joint is evaluated in the coronal plane with measurement of …
Read →Distance learning in pediatric ultrasound for physicians at Medtrain is based on online courses and a blended format (online theory, in-person practice) within the 'Ultrasound Diagnostics' …
Read →The provided source fragments do not contain data on ultrasound of the thymus in children: formulas for calculating thymus mass and volume, CTTI index values, criteria, …
Read →In the practical protocol for lung ultrasound in children, the key targets are three signs: the pleural line, B-lines, and subpleural consolidation. According to the ESPR …
Read →The ESPR MSK Task Force 2022 document highlights pediatric joint ultrasound as a separate protocol: standard approaches are defined for large and small joints of the …
Read →When testicular torsion is suspected, scrotal ultrasound is performed as an emergency examination: both sides are compared, and the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord are evaluated …
Read →Key landmarks according to AIUM: the conus medullaris is normally located above the L2–L3 disc, and the filum terminale is less than 2 mm thick. Ultrasound …
Read →In cases of acute scrotum in children, the key task of Doppler ultrasound is to distinguish between testicular torsion, torsion of the appendix testis, and epididymitis/orchitis. …
Read →The provided source fragments do not contain data on the topic of Z-score in pediatric echocardiography, its calculation method by body surface area (BSA), or threshold …
Read →The source fragments present the norms of the hepatobiliary system in children: boundaries of the right liver lobe, diameter of the portal vein and common bile …
Read →The assessment of the dilation of the collecting system in children relies on measuring the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis (APD) with the patient in …
Read →On ultrasound, intussusception in children appears as a concentric 'target' (bull's eye/target) structure in the transverse plane and a 'pseudokidney' in the longitudinal plane. Ultrasound also …
Read →Attention: The provided source fragments do not contain data on ultrasound diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis—neither numerical criteria for muscle thickness and pyloric channel length, nor …
Read →Optimal ultrasound screening of hip joints should be conducted at 4–6 weeks in the presence of a stable click; in cases of joint instability (positive Barlow/Ortolani …
Read →The Graf classification (modified) categorizes hip joints based on the values of the bony angle α and the cartilaginous angle β. A mature joint (type I) …
Read →The standard Graf section is a coronal view in the physiological neutral position of the thigh (flexion 15–20°). The plane is defined by the straight line …
Read →Intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) in premature infants are traditionally assessed using the Papile classification (grades I–IV) during neurosonography (NSG). This method allows for the detection of hemorrhages, …
Read →Neonatal neurosonography is predominantly performed transfontanellar through the anterior fontanelle, obtaining standard coronal and sagittal/parasagittal planes. The protocol includes the assessment of the parenchyma, ventricular system, …
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