Echocardiography Norms in Adults: Reference Values by ASE/EACVI and BSE
Sources of Reference Values
The basic document for the quantitative assessment of cardiac chambers in adults is the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI): Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14. Additional reference ranges for normal chamber sizes were obtained in the NORRE study (Kou S et al.).
Specific numerical values for LV EDD, ejection fraction (EF), and wall thickness are absent in the provided source fragments, so only those parameters confirmed by the fragments are presented in the table below. The complete table of references for EDD/EF/wall thickness should be clarified from the ASE/EACVI 2015 primary source [to clarify].
Hemodynamic Parameters (Normal)
| Parameter | Formula | Normal Values |
|---|---|---|
| Stroke Volume (SV) | SV = EDV − ESV | 70–100 ml |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | CO = SV × HR | 4–8 l/min |
| Cardiac Index (CI) | CI = CO / BSA | 3–4 l/min/m² |
| BSA (Mosteller formula) | BSA = 0.0167 × weight⁰·⁵ × height⁰·⁵ | men ~1.9 m², women ~1.6 m² |
Indexation of LV Myocardial Mass and Hypertrophy Diagnosis
In the joint recommendations of ASE and the European Society 2015 for the examination of patients with arterial hypertension, LV myocardial mass is indexed to height to the power of 2.7, as well as indexed to height without power; each variant has its own upper limit of normal, exceeding which diagnoses left ventricular hypertrophy.
In the 2018 European Society of Cardiology recommendations, the following upper limits of normal are provided for indexation to height²·⁷:
| Gender | Upper Limit of Normal (LV Myocardial Mass Index, g/height²·⁷) |
|---|---|
| Women | no more than 47 |
| Men | no more than 50 |
Right Chambers and 3D RV Volumes
Reference values for right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by three-dimensional echocardiography are discussed in separate works (Maffessanti F et al., Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:700-10 — age-, gender-, and size-specific values; Wang S et al., Front Cardiovasc Med 2021). Specific numerical thresholds are not provided in the available fragments [to clarify].
Limitation
This material is strictly formed based on available source fragments. The complete table of reference values for EDD, EF, and LV wall thickness by ASE/EACVI 2015 is not contained within them and requires consulting the primary source (Lang RM et al., 2015).
Частые вопросы
What are the norms for stroke volume and cardiac output?
SV = EDV − ESV: 70–100 ml; CO = SV × HR: 4–8 l/min; CI = CO/BSA: 3–4 l/min/m² (Blagodir B.V., 2024).
What are the thresholds for LV myocardial mass indexation to height²·⁷ according to ESC 2018?
Upper limit of normal: for women — no more than 47 g/height²·⁷, for men — no more than 50 g/height²·⁷ (ESC 2018).
Which document should be considered primary for cardiac chamber references?
ASE/EACVI recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification: Lang RM et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14; additionally, the NORRE study.
Is there a complete table of EDD, EF, and wall thickness in the source?
No, specific numerical values for EDD, EF, and wall thickness are absent in the provided fragments — they should be clarified from the ASE/EACVI 2015 primary source [to clarify].
How is BSA calculated?
Using the Mosteller formula: BSA = 0.0167 × weight⁰·⁵ × height⁰·⁵; approximately ~1.9 m² for men and ~1.6 m² for women (Blagodir B.V., 2024).