ElastographyAssessment of tissue stiffness: liver, breast, and thyroid glands.
Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) is a non-invasive ultrasound method for quantitative assessment of tissue stiffness: focused acoustic impulses induce microscopic tissue displacement and transverse shear waves, …
Read →In Crohn's disease, bowel elastography (SWE/SE) assesses stricture stiffness: soft segments more often correspond to inflammatory stenosis, while stiff segments indicate fibrostenotic involvement. Determination of stricture …
Read →EUS elastography (qualitative and quantitative — strain ratio, histograms) is applied for differentiation of solid pancreatic lesions, including discrimination between inflammatory masses and adenocarcinoma. According to …
Read →The provided source fragments do not contain data on the application of SWE (shear wave elastography) for ovarian and adnexal masses, including stiffness thresholds, criteria, and …
Read →Precompression — excessive pressure by the probe — artificially increases tissue stiffness in elastography. According to EFSUMB (2018, non-hepatic), precompression should be avoided as it increases …
Read →The scanner directly measures the shear wave speed c_s (m/s). Conversion to Young's modulus E (kPa) is performed using the simplified formula E = 3ρc², assuming …
Read →Liver stiffness values in kPa obtained from different SWE systems are directly incomparable: results depend on the method (TE, pSWE, 2D-SWE), device model, and frequency dependence …
Read →The reliability of SWE directly depends on the measurement geometry: for 2D-SWE, the ROI size should be at least 10 mm, and the measurement box should …
Read →Quality maps in 2D-SWE reflect the reliability of shear wave speed (SWS) measurement based on raw data analysis: SNR signal, penetration depth, and wavefront parallelism. The …
Read →There is no direct data on threshold values of salivary gland stiffness in Sjögren's syndrome in the available source fragments [clarification needed]. Below are general principles …
Read →EUS elastography is used to differentiate focal chronic pancreatitis from solid pancreatic tumors by assessing tissue stiffness and the degree of fibrosis. The method is used …
Read →According to the EFSUMB guidelines on multiparametric ultrasound of the scrotum (Bertolotto et al., 2026), elastography is not used as an independent method for characterizing testicular …
Read →Shear wave elastography (SWE) aids in differentiating malignant from benign lymph nodes: sensitivity 82%, specificity 80%, accuracy 81% (Griffith, 2025). The method complements standard B-mode ultrasound …
Read →According to EFSUMB guidelines, elastography (SE/SWE) is used for the clinical differentiation of fibrotic and inflammatory strictures in Crohn's disease: increased wall stiffness is associated with …
Read →According to ACR/SRU (2024), cervical elastography during pregnancy serves as a marker of its softening and may predict pregnancy loss. The method is also used to …
Read →According to the manufacturer's recommendations (EFSUMB Course Book, 2018), the M-probe of FibroScan is intended for patients of normal weight, the XL-probe for overweight and obese …
Read →Liver stiffness (LSM) is a validated marker not only for fibrosis and portal hypertension but also for HCC risk: according to Masuzaki et al. (Hepatology 2009), …
Read →Validated threshold values for renal parenchymal stiffness for staging fibrosis in CKD do not exist — unlike the liver, where SWE thresholds are validated. Renal elastography …
Read →Ultrasound elastography (transient, ARFI/pSWE, SWE) is being explored as a non-invasive method for assessing fibrosis of renal transplant parenchyma and its dysfunction. Based on the available …
Read →Anisotropy is an artifact of ordered fibrous structures: when the beam angle deviates from 90°, part of the signal is lost, and the area appears hypo-/anechoic. …
Read →According to available sources, a healthy Achilles tendon demonstrates high stiffness on SWE (example: 497 kPa), whereas in severe tendinosis, the tissue becomes softer and heterogeneous …
Read →SWE of the rotator cuff is used as an adjunct to grayscale ultrasound in tendinopathy: shear wave speed is measured to assess tendon elasticity. Unlike compression …
Read →Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a quantitative, less operator-dependent method for assessing muscle stiffness in neurological conditions. According to EFSUMB (2019), SWE is a reliable technique …
Read →There are no directly validated SWE thresholds for assessing fibrosis and rejection specifically in liver transplants in the available fragments [clarify]. General fibrosis thresholds for point …
Read →A single SWE threshold in kPa for differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules has not been established: values vary between manufacturers (EFSUMB 2026). According to a …
Read →According to the fragments, the key quantitative indicator of 2D-SWE is maximum elasticity (Emax): with values < 20 kPa, benign BI-RADS 3 findings can be downgraded, …
Read →The bull's-eye artifact in breast elastography is a round or oval elastographic pattern: a soft (fluid) center surrounded by a stiff ring. It is characteristic of …
Read →The source fragments do not contain numerical stiffness thresholds for SWE in prostate peripheral zone cancer and lack data on specific integration of SWE with PI-RADS. …
Read →In right ventricular failure, venous congestion increases the stiffness of the liver parenchyma independently of fibrosis, leading to falsely elevated elastographic values. Heart failure is directly …
Read →Shear Wave Dispersion (SWD) is a parameter of multiparametric liver ultrasound aimed at characterizing the viscous properties of the parenchyma. The provided excerpts do not include …
Read →ATI/UGAP and CAP are different physical parameters for assessing steatosis: the attenuation coefficient in ultrasound imaging is measured in dB/cm/MHz, while CAP (FibroScan) is measured in …
Read →A decrease in LSM during antiviral therapy for HBV/HCV reflects dynamics but does not prove fibrosis regression. According to EFSUMB (Update 2017), LSM thresholds differ between …
Read →In children, the 'rule of four' for adults is not applicable (WFUMB, 2024). A value <5 kPa allows exclusion of fibrosis, >15 kPa suggests progressive disease …
Read →When discrepancies arise between 2D-SWE and transient elastography (FibroScan/TE) in liver fibrosis staging, it is important to consider that several studies have shown 2D-SWE to have …
Read →For 2D-SWE of the liver, a reliable measurement (LSM) is obtained from the median of at least three valid samples (EFSUMB 2017; WFUMB 2024). When using …
Read →EFSUMB 2026 considers MPUS of the thyroid gland as a combination of B-mode, Doppler, and elastography; in complex scenarios, it complements but does not replace cytology. …
Read →In the EFSUMB 2026 guidelines, elastography is included in multiparametric scrotal ultrasound (MPUS) as an adjunctive, rather than standalone, method for tissue characterization. Key practical numbers: …
Read →In the WFUMB 2024 update for pSWE/2D-SWE, key clinical liver thresholds are: around 7 kPa for significant fibrosis, <9 kPa makes cACLD unlikely, 9–13 kPa is …
Read →In the WFUMB 2024 update, key non-invasive thresholds for clinically significant portal hypertension are based on Baveno VII: LSM by transient elastography ≤15 kPa along with …
Read →WFUMB 2024 considers the built-in scanner quantitative assessment of liver fat as an image-guided alternative to CAP: the key practical parameter is the attenuation coefficient, designated …
Read →EFSUMB 2026 considers elastography as part of multiparametric ultrasound rather than a standalone test for deciding on FNA: stiffness increases suspicion, softness decreases it, but the …
Read →Elastography training for ultrasound physicians is built on three components: theory (physics, knobology, indications, anatomy, interpretation), hands-on practice on the device under supervision, and integration into …
Read →When purchasing an ultrasound scanner with elastography, consider the type of technology: strain elastography (SE) provides qualitative/semi-quantitative stiffness assessment, while shear wave elastography (SWE) offers quantitative …
Read →According to WFUMB 2024, the key practical algorithm for liver elastography in MASLD is: LSM <8 kPa — exclusion of advanced fibrosis, LSM ≥12 kPa — …
Read →According to WFUMB 2024 for alcoholic liver disease, key VCTE benchmarks are: <10 kPa excludes cACLD, 10–15 kPa requires clinical-laboratory verification, >15 kPa makes cACLD highly …
Read →According to WFUMB 2024, quantitative ultrasound of liver fat should not be limited to CAP: methods for assessing attenuation, backscatter, speed of sound, and derived indicators, …
Read →According to WFUMB 2024, liver stiffness reflects more than just fibrosis: results can be falsely elevated in cases of active inflammation, extrahepatic cholestasis, and venous congestion. …
Read →Liver stiffness is falsely elevated in postprandial states, elevated transaminases, right ventricular failure, and extrahepatic cholestasis (VTQ/ARFI). In obesity with significant steatosis, the M-probe TE yields …
Read →Measurement of spleen stiffness (SSM) using elastography methods (Fibroscan, pSWE, 2D-SWE) is a non-invasive marker of portal hypertension, used to assess the presence of esophageal varices …
Read →The 'Rule of Five' Baveno VII utilizes liver stiffness measurement (LSM) thresholds of 10–15–20–25 kPa to stratify the risk of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) in …
Read →Elastography (strain and 2D-SWE) is applied as an additional parameter to EU-TIRADS categorization within the framework of multiparametric thyroid ultrasound. The combination of nodule stiffness assessment …
Read →Elastography (strain and 2D shear-wave) is used as an adjunct to TI-RADS for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules. According to EFSUMB and ACR-SRU, combining TI-RADS …
Read →Elastography complements B-mode in categorizing breast lesions. The Tsukuba scale (Itoh/Ueno) is a five-point visual assessment of stiff tissue distribution, strain ratio, and E/B ratio are …
Read →According to available excerpts (ACR/SRU 2024, WFUMB 2015, BE1 study), shear wave elastography increases the specificity of breast ultrasound and may reduce the number of unnecessary …
Read →SE is a qualitative method comparing the relative stiffness of tissues in the field of view under external stress (compression, physiological movement, or ARFI). SWE is …
Read →CAP is a method for the quantitative assessment of liver steatosis using the FibroScan device, correlating with the histological degree of steatosis (r=0.81). Proposed thresholds (EFSUMB): …
Read →According to ACR/SRU (2024), the ROI in liver elastography should be positioned away from large vessels, bile ducts, and focal lesions; for pSWE, 10 measurements from …
Read →According to the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus, values <5 kPa (1.3 m/s) are highly likely to be normal; 9–13 kPa (1.7–2.1 m/s) indicate compensated …
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