AngiologyUltrasound diagnostics of vessels: duplex scanning, velocity criteria for stenosis, protocols, and report structure.
MALS is diagnosed by respiratory-dependent compression of the celiac artery: expiratory PSV >320–350 cm/s with decline on inspiration <200–250 cm/s or expiratory/inspiratory ratio ≥2.0, CA/Ao >3.0, …
Read →PAES is extravascular compression of the popliteal artery by anomalous or hypertrophied musculotendinous structures of the popliteal fossa. In a young athlete with exercise-induced pain and …
Read →Lifetime surveillance is mandatory after EVAR: baseline CTA at day 30, then annual duplex/CTA in the absence of endoleak and sac growth. Duplex reduces radiation and …
Read →In duplex imaging of left renal vein (LRV) compression (nutcracker syndrome), key quantitative criteria are D-ratio (hilum diameter/aortomesenteric segment) >4–5 and V-ratio (PSV aortomesenteric segment/PSV hilum) …
Read →In giant cell arteritis, the key ultrasound finding is the 'halo sign' — a homogeneous hypoechoic concentric wall thickening of the temporal artery, reflecting acute inflammation …
Read →TCD screening in sickle cell anemia is based on the STOP study: measuring TAMV (time-averaged mean of the maximum velocity) without angle correction in the MCA …
Read →Contrast-enhanced TCD (c-TCD, bubble test) detects right-to-left shunt by recording microembolic signals (MES) in the MCA after the introduction of agitated saline. The severity of the …
Read →The provided source fragments lack specific diameter thresholds and monitoring algorithms specifically for popliteal artery aneurysm according to ESVS 2020. [clarify] The reliably presented data pertains …
Read →In PAES, the key to diagnosis is dynamic testing rather than static examination. The spectrum of the popliteal artery is recorded in a neutral position, then …
Read →Cystic adventitial degeneration (CAD) is recognized by an anechoic cyst within the wall of the popliteal artery (approximately 85% of cases), compressing the lumen from within, …
Read →Duplex is the method of choice for demonstrating dynamic arterial compression in thoracic outlet syndrome: in a neutral position, compression may be completely absent, while positional …
Read →In cases of acute limb ischemia, clinical assessment is urgently performed by a vascular specialist (ESVS 2020, Class I). For clinical stratification, the Rutherford classification for …
Read →In patients with diabetes and CKD (medial calcinosis), non-compressible arteries cause the ABI to appear falsely normal or high (>1.40) and do not rule out PAD. …
Read →For a stented carotid artery, 'native' thresholds are inapplicable: altered compliance elevates velocities. According to Mohabat et al., significant in-stent restenosis is defined at PSV >280 …
Read →Carotid near-occlusion (pre-occlusive stenosis, 'string sign') is a critical narrowing of the ICA with minimal residual flow appearing as a thin, slow stream. It is easily …
Read →A carotid web is a thin intraluminal projection in the region of the carotid bulb/ICA, considered a non-stenotic cause of embolic stroke in young patients without …
Read →The diagnosis of spontaneous internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection using duplex scanning relies on identifying a detached intimal flap that separates true and false lumens with …
Read →The vulnerability of a carotid plaque is assessed by its echostructure (low GSM, large juxtaluminal hypoechoic area), surface ulceration, and neovascularization via CEUS. A hypoechoic plaque …
Read →Reflux of gonadal (ovarian) veins is classified as a non-saphenous pelvic source of leakage in the classification of reflux sources. Reflux of superficial and perforating segments …
Read →A post-puncture pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery is a pulsating anechoic formation connected to the artery by a neck, with a bidirectional 'to-and-fro' flow in the …
Read →An iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula is a pathological connection between an artery and a vein at the site of femoral vessel puncture. In duplex, key signs include …
Read →After EVAR, a baseline is established in the first month (usually CTA on day 30); if there is no endoleak and no sac growth, annual duplex/CTA …
Read →CEUS is used after EVAR when there is suspicion of an endoleak or when there is growth of the aneurysmal sac with an unvisualized source on …
Read →In an infrainguinal venous graft, both velocity poles are dangerous: PSV >300 cm/s with PSVR >3.5 indicates significant stenosis, while too low a velocity (<40–45 cm/s, …
Read →Ultrasound is the primary method for TIPS surveillance. Normal velocities within the stent range from 90–190 cm/s (increasing from the portal to the hepatic end). Indicators …
Read →Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a global or segmental obstruction of venous outflow from the liver at the level of major hepatic veins (HV) or suprahepatic IVC. …
Read →May-Thurner Syndrome is a chronic compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery with fibrosis and 'spurs.' Direct visualization of the …
Read →Compression of the left renal vein in the aorto-mesenteric segment is quantitatively assessed: D-ratio (hilar/AM diameter) >4–5 and V-ratio (AM PSV/hilar PSV) >4.7–5.0. In adults, thresholds …
Read →The diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis relies on direct signs (intraluminal echogenic material, lack of vein compressibility) and indirect Doppler markers (filling defect on CD, loss …
Read →The ultrasound grading of varicocele using the Sarteschi method identifies 5 degrees (I–V) based on the presence of vein dilation, body position, and the nature of …
Read →Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is recognized in duplex by focal elevation of PSV with post-stenotic turbulence, most commonly at the site of the arterial anastomosis. …
Read →The resistive index (RI) in renal transplant dysfunction is nonspecific and clinically useless for distinguishing the causes of dysfunction or type of rejection: it increases in …
Read →After liver transplantation, hepatic artery stenosis is suspected with a direct criterion — PSV at the anastomosis >200–250 cm/s. Indirect signs in intrahepatic arteries include parvus-tardus …
Read →In duplex assessment of chronic mesenteric ischemia, a significant (≥70%) stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) corresponds to a PSV ≥275 cm/s (refined ≥400), and …
Read →MALS is an extravascular compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, characterized by respiratory dynamics (intensification on exhalation). Key duplex …
Read →The key to differentiation is the presence of contrast enhancement of the intravascular filling defect on CEUS. A benign (bland) thrombus does not accumulate contrast, whereas …
Read →ESVS 2025 considers duplex ultrasound as a first-line method for suspected renal artery stenosis and as an initial test for symptom recurrence after revascularization in chronic …
Read →The AIUM 2024 revision describes peripheral venous ultrasound as an examination where the main sign of DVT is incomplete vein compression; Doppler modes complement but do …
Read →In cases of intermittent claudication, peripheral arterial ultrasound according to AIUM 2025 involves grayscale, color, and spectral Doppler evaluation with documentation of waveform and velocities. For …
Read →According to AIUM 2025, an abdominal aortic aneurysm is diagnosed when the maximum outer diameter is ≥3.0 cm or when there is a local enlargement ≥1.5 …
Read →According to ESVS 2022, duplex ultrasound is the primary imaging method for chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Pathological reflux is assessed by the duration …
Read →The source fragments do not contain data on the formats of training doctors in vascular ultrasound, professional retraining programs, or the accrual of CME credits [clarify]. …
Read →According to the original SRU criteria, ICA stenosis of 50–69% corresponds to a PSV of 125–230 cm/s, and stenosis ≥70% corresponds to a PSV >230 cm/s. …
Read →Optimizing vascular Doppler involves several controllable parameters: insonation angle ≤60°, PRF (scale) adjusted to expected velocities to eliminate aliasing, low wall filter to preserve diastole, and …
Read →Preoperative ultrasound mapping increases the success rate of AV fistula formation: the artery for anastomosis should be ≥2 mm, and the vein ≥2.5 mm (after dilation). …
Read →According to the AIUM 2025 parameter for peripheral arterial ultrasound, the key quantitative logic for stenosis is the ratio of PSV at the narrowing zone to …
Read →When suspecting a post-puncture pseudoaneurysm, ultrasound must confirm communication with the artery: turbulent color flow in the cavity and a 'to-and-fro' spectral signal in the neck. …
Read →When suspecting upper extremity venous thrombosis, ultrasound should assess the deep and, if indicated, superficial venous systems: internal jugular, subclavian, axillary, brachial veins, as well as …
Read →For duplex monitoring of peripheral arterial shunt, key AIUM 2025 thresholds are: focal PSV >300 cm/s, PSV ratio at stenosis to pre-stenotic PSV >3.5, and diffusely …
Read →TCCS (TCCS/TCCD) combines B-mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler to assess the arteries at the base of the brain. Mean flow velocities (MFV) and their …
Read →Renal artery duplex combines direct criteria (PSV in the stenosis zone >180–200 cm/s, RAR ≥3.5) and indirect criteria (AT >70–100 ms, tardus-parvus, decreased RI on the …
Read →AAA is defined as an aortic diameter ≥3.0 cm or an enlargement more than 1.5 times the reference diameter (SVS). The diameter is measured perpendicular to …
Read →The diagnosis of PAD begins not with the probe, but with the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): a threshold of <0.90 confirms the disease, >1.40 indicates non-compressibility (then …
Read →Pathological reflux is diagnosed during a standing ultrasound (lying down is unacceptable) with mandatory provocation: the Valsalva maneuver for the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) and distal compression …
Read →CEAP is the most widely used descriptive tool for chronic venous disorders (ESVS 2024), encoding four domains: clinical (C), etiological (E), anatomical (A), and pathophysiological (P). …
Read →Duplex with compression test is the gold standard for diagnosing DVT. A normal vein completely collapses under transverse compression, whereas a vein with a thrombus does …
Read →Doppler ultrasound of lower limb veins relies on precise anatomy and unified nomenclature: correct localization and naming of the vessel determine the diagnosis and phlebologist's strategy. …
Read →IMT is measured on the far wall of the CCA, ~1 cm proximal to the bifurcation, in a straight segment without plaques, strictly at the end …
Read →The degree of ICA stenosis in duplex is assessed by hemodynamics (PSV, EDV, ICA/CCA ratio, turbulence), whereas the anatomical percentage by NASCET/ECST is established by imaging …
Read →Duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries requires a systematic reproducible protocol: bilaterally assessing the CCA, ICA, ECA, vertebral artery at the mid-neck level, proximal segment of …
Read →The degree of ICA stenosis is determined by a combination of PSV, ICA/CCA ratio, EDV, and post-stenotic turbulence. The PSV threshold for ≥50% is 180 cm/s, …
Read →Doppler ultrasound of lower extremity veins for suspected reflux is performed using a linear transducer of 7–12 MHz in a vertical position with mandatory provocation: Valsalva …
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