General UltrasoundAbdominal ultrasound, superficial structures, thyroid gland, urinary system — standards and protocols for doctors.
The safety of diagnostic ultrasound is monitored by two indices displayed on the monitor: the mechanical index (MI, risk of cavitation) and the thermal index (TI, …
Read →The presented source fragments (EFSUMB, AIUM, ACR–AIUM–SRU) do not contain specific data on the frequency, spectrum of adverse reactions of SonoVue, and the list of contraindications …
Read →The renal RI reflects renal vascular resistance and is calculated as (peak systolic velocity − end diastolic velocity) / peak systolic velocity. In most studies, normal …
Read →Normally, blood flow in the portal vein is hepatopetal, continuous, slightly undulating, with low velocities (12–24 cm/s via intercostal access; normal >16 cm/s). Indicators of portal …
Read →When an incidental non-palpable intratesticular lesion is detected, management relies on multiparametric scrotal ultrasound (EFSUMB) and the WFUMB position on incidental testicular findings. Key tools include …
Read →EU-TIRADS (ESTES, 2017) is a simplified ordinal risk stratification system for thyroid nodules with categories 1–5 without lettered subgroups, based on the assessment of 5 echostructure …
Read →Thyroid elastography complements B-mode and TI-RADS by adding a functional stiffness map of the nodule. Methodologically, the boundaries of the formation are determined by B-mode (higher …
Read →Parathyroid adenoma on ultrasound is most commonly located along the posterior edge of the upper pole of the thyroid gland or below the lower pole. Small …
Read →The twinkling artifact is a rapidly changing mosaic of red and blue colors seen in color or power Doppler behind a strong reflector (stone), unrelated to …
Read →'Comet tail', 'ring-down', and reverberation are related artifacts of multiple reflections, but they differ in mechanism and source. Reverberation occurs between two parallel strong reflectors; 'comet …
Read →The direct ultrasound sign of choledocholithiasis is an echogenic focus in the lumen of the bile duct with an acoustic shadow; indirect signs include dilation of …
Read →Acute cholecystitis has a specific sonographic appearance: a positive sonographic Murphy's sign (tenderness in the gallbladder area upon compression with the transducer), wall thickening >3 mm …
Read →Gallbladder wall thickening is a nonspecific sign: diffuse isolated thickening is often due to secondary causes (hypoalbuminemia, cardiac, renal, or hepatic failure, sepsis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, trauma). …
Read →Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a benign hyperplasia of the wall with the formation of intramural diverticula (Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses) accompanied by the proliferation of smooth muscles …
Read →Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is visualized in B-mode as tiny non-calcifying shadows, usually bilateral. According to EFSUMB (Bertolotto et al.), TM is not directly associated with testicular …
Read →In cases of acute scrotum, grayscale signs of epididymo-orchitis are nonspecific and overlap with torsion and tumors. The key to differentiation is color and spectral Doppler …
Read →The available fragments of the source do not provide numerical thresholds for counting B-lines or quantitative criteria for interstitial syndrome. Only the qualitative role of B-lines …
Read →Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothorax relies on identifying specific signs: absence of lung sliding, absence of lung pulse, identification of the lung point, and barcode sign in …
Read →The provided source fragments do not contain factual data (measurement methods, volume calculation formulas, threshold values) for the quantitative assessment of pleural effusion in lung ultrasound. …
Read →According to ASE guidelines, right atrial pressure (RAP) is assessed based on the size and collapse of the inferior vena cava. A normally sized IVC (<2.1 …
Read →Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is performed according to the practical parameters of AIUM and ACR–AIUM–SRU. A key aspect is the reproducibility of measuring the maximum …
Read →Threshold values for the diameter of the CBD are controversial, but in adults, it should typically be < 6 mm (+1 mm for each decade after …
Read →Quantitative assessment of liver steatosis via ultrasound attenuation is standardized by the WFUMB guidelines (Ferraioli et al., 2024, Part 2 — Liver Fat Quantification) with MRI-PDFF …
Read →The Bosniak v2019 classification stratifies cystic renal lesions by malignancy risk into categories I, II, IIF, III, and IV. Ultrasound is not part of the original …
Read →Classically, the threshold for splenomegaly is considered a spleen length >12 cm (traditional numerical cut-off) or >13 cm in adults. Additionally, a thickness >5 cm, width …
Read →The differential diagnosis of focal splenic lesions in ultrasound is constructed by dividing them into cystic and solid, as well as solitary and multiple lesions. According …
Read →The evaluation of cervical lymph nodes via ultrasound is based on a combination of B-mode and Doppler features: shape (ratio of long to short axes), hilum …
Read →A normal appendix under graded compression has a maximum outer diameter (MOD) of up to 6 mm and is easily compressible. A sign of appendicitis is …
Read →Gastrointestinal ultrasound (GIUS) in Crohn's disease evaluates bowel wall thickness as a key quantitative parameter of activity, complemented by Doppler vascularization and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). According …
Read →According to the SRU consensus (2020 update), liver stiffness values in shear wave elastography are interpreted in a stepwise manner: <5 kPa (1.3 m/s) — high …
Read →Spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) is a non-invasive method for assessing clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) and the risk of esophageal varices in compensated chronic liver disease. …
Read →Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) evaluates the perfusion of walls, septa, and solid components of cystic renal lesions, complementing the Bosniak classification. The method is indicated for patients …
Read →CEUS is performed in a contrast-specific low-energy mode following basic B-mode/Doppler, documenting the contrast name, dose, administration route, findings, and complications. According to AIUM 2024 for …
Read →EFSUMB 2026 suggests evaluating a thyroid nodule not by a single feature but through multiparametric ultrasound: B-mode/TIRADS as the foundation, followed by elastography, microvascular flow-imaging, CEUS, …
Read →In the Bethesda III/IV scenario, EFSUMB 2026 suggests using multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS) as a tool for risk re-stratification, selection of puncture zone, and routing, but not …
Read →The clinical threshold for liver steatosis is ≥5% of hepatocytes with fat; histological classes: S0 <5%, S1 5–33%, S2 34–66%, S3 >66%. According to <a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301562924001431'>WFUMB …
Read →WFUMB 2024 updates the clinical use of liver ultrasound elastography: with VCTE/TE, stiffness <10 kPa in the absence of other signs excludes cACLD, 10–15 kPa makes …
Read →In US LI-RADS v2024, a positive HCC screening is defined as a non-benign appearing lesion ≥10 mm, a new tumor thrombus in a vein, or a …
Read →When selecting a course in abdominal ultrasound, physicians should consider the program's alignment with international training standards (such as the EFSUMB core curriculum), the presence of …
Read →The key predictor of gallbladder polyp malignancy is its size: polyps ≥2 cm are malignant in 100% of cases (ExpertDDx). Lesions ≥10 mm typically require cholecystectomy, …
Read →US LI-RADS Ultrasound Surveillance v2024 is an ACR system for standardizing ultrasound screening of patients at risk for HCC: US-1, US-2, and US-3 describe the observation …
Read →BI-RADS v2025 retains the clinical framework of categories 0–6: BI-RADS 3 indicates a malignancy probability of no more than 2%, BI-RADS 5 — at least 95%, …
Read →According to AIUM 2023, vascular ultrasound of the penis is performed using a linear transducer, with assessment of both cavernous arteries before and after intracavernosal pharmacostimulation. …
Read →According to AIUM 2021, the mandatory basis for kidneys is the visualization of each kidney in longitudinal and transverse planes with recording of the maximum length. …
Read →eFAST is an extended version of the FAST protocol, a targeted ultrasound examination in trauma to detect free fluid in the abdominal cavity, pericardial effusion, and …
Read →In duplex scanning of renal arteries, significant stenosis (RAS) is diagnosed by a PSV in the stenosis zone of more than 1.8–2 m/s and a renal-aortic …
Read →In acute pancreatitis, ultrasound reveals focal, indistinct, hypoechoic enlargement of the parenchyma, blurred contour, peripancreatic fluid accumulation without ductal dilation and calcifications. Chronic pancreatitis is characterized …
Read →The differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions on ultrasound is based on B-mode echostructure and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) patterns: hemangioma is hyperechoic with peripheral nodular discontinuous …
Read →CEUS of the liver is based on the real-time assessment of microbubble contrast accumulation with the determination of enhancement characteristics in the arterial phase and wash-out …
Read →Interpretation of liver stiffness is based on the consensus of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound: <5 kPa (1.3 m/s) — likely normal; 5–9 kPa excludes …
Read →Indications for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules are determined by the ultrasound risk category according to EU-TIRADS (ETA, 2017), and the cytological result is interpreted …
Read →Thyroid volume is calculated using the ellipsoid formula with a correction factor: length × width × thickness × 0.523 for each lobe (Hagen-Ansert). WHO recommends the …
Read →ACR TI-RADS (Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG et al., J Am Coll Radiol 2017) is a scoring system for risk stratification of thyroid nodules based …
Read →According to ACR-AIUM-SPR-SRU (2023) and AIUM (2025), the protocol for ultrasound of the abdomen and/or retroperitoneal space includes a written request with justification of medical necessity, …
Read →The provided source fragments do not contain specific numerical standards for the sizes of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys. Only methodological provisions from relevant …
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